Tourism Industry in India Essay Example for Free

tourism Industry in India EssayThis gave India the fifth rank among countries with the fastest growing tourerry application. India has a large checkup tourism sector which is expected to grow at an estimated rate of 30% annually to reach about ? 9,500 crore by 2015. In the year 2011, there were nearly 6. 29 million foreign tourist arrivals in India, up by over 8% from the year 2010 when 5. 78 million foreign tourists arrived in India. interior(prenominal) tourist visits to all states and Union Territories numbered 747. 70 million. The majority of foreign tourists come from the United States (16%) and the United Kingdom (12. %). In 2011 Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Delhi were the most popular states for foreign tourists. Domestic tourists visited the states Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu most frequently. Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai and Agra have been the four most visited cities of India by foreign tourists during the year 2011. Worldwide, Chennai is ranked 41 by the number of foreign tourists, while Delhi is ranked at 50, Mumbai at 57 and Agra at 65. The Travel amp Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011 ranked the price competitiveness of Indias tourism sector twenty-eighth out of 139 countries.It mentions that India has quite good air transport (ranked 39th), useicularly given the countrys stage of development, and reasonable ground transport infrastructure (ranked 43rd). around other aspects of its tourism infrastructure remain somewhat underdeveloped however. The nation has very few hotel rooms per capita by international comparison and low automated teller penetration. The Indian government has identified a shortage of 150,000 hotel rooms, with most of the undersupply in the budget sector. The Ministry of Tourism designs national policies for the development and promotion of tourism.In the process, the Ministry consults and collaborates with other stakeholders in the sector including various Central Ministries/agencies, state governments, Union Territories and the representatives of the private sector. Concerted efforts argon being made to promote sweet forms of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. The Ministry also maintains the Incredible India campaign. Indias rich history and its pagan and geographical diversity make its international tourism appeal large and diverse.It presents heritage and cultural tourism along with medical, championship and sports tourism. ABSTRACT Tourism today is the most vibrant tertiary activity and a multi-billion industry in India. Traditionally cognize largely for its historical and cultural dimensions, tourism today is highlighted for its immense business opportunities. With its lucrative linkages with transport, hotel industry etc. , the potential and performance of Indias tourism industry needs to be gauged in terms of its socio-economic magnitudes.This paper traces the progress made by Indias tourism industry in the planning era, and the emerging issues (like alternate tourism) under globalization. It examines the problems and challenges of the country as well as the pitfalls in tourism planning in India. The paper also makes some policy suggestions to address the constraints in promoting sustainable tourism in India. The Indian governments Incredible India tourism campaign and the information technology growth in India have been attracting millions of foreign tourists and business tourists to India. medical exam tourism has also recently mushroomed in India. Tourism industry is a big foreign exchange earner in India, yet the industry excuse is hampered by Tourism development has always has been an integral part of the countrys five-year plans. Initially allocations were meager Rs. 3. 36 crore in the Second Plan,Rs. 5 crore in the Third Plan amp Rs. 36 crore in the Fourth Plan. It was doubled in the Fifth Plan. The National Tourism Policy in 1982 gave a impulse to this sector. Expenditure rose from about Rs. 187 crore in the Seventh Plan to Rs. 95 crore in the Ninth Plan and further to Rs. 2900 crore in the Tenth five-year Plan. The Tourism instruction Corporation, Tourism Finance Corporation, Hotel Management and Catering Technology Institutes, Food Craft Institutes, Indian Institute Tourism and Travel Management, India Tourism Development Corporation, Indian connexion of Tour Operators, Travel Agents Association of India and a large number of hotel management colleges, sports and adventure clubs, beach resorts etc have also contributed to the growth and development of this industry. Emphasis set(p) on HRD is clear.The first major effort to promote the industry was launched with the announcement of 1991 as the Visit India Year. Enormous tourist resources were commercialized. The first ever Indian Tourism Day was celebrated on January 25, 1998. The year 1999 was celebrated as Explore India Millennium Year with a host of shows, exhibitions etc. The next decennium saw the restructuring of the schemes of Integra ted Development of tourer Circuits, and Product/Infrastructure Destination Development. Additional schemes/incentives were announced for service providers. Upgrading of beaches, airports, tax incentives were also introduced.Besides creating an official website for the Tourism Ministry, now the calendar of events is planned. Even the new initiatives to encourage the NRIs and PIOs, through visit India programmes, Pravasi Bharatiya Divas celebration, Dual Citizenship to certain categories of diasporic Indians have given much fillip to tourism in India. Thanks also to the booming IT and outsourcing industry a growing number of business trips are made by foreigners to India, who will often add a weekend break or longer holiday to their trip. Foreign tourists, generally spend more in India than almost any other country worldwide.Tourist arrivals are projected to increase by over 22 per cent per year through till 2010, with a 33 per cent increase in foreign exchange earnings recorded in 2 004. The Tourism Ministry has also played an important role in the development of the industry, initiating advertising campaigns such as the Incredible India campaign, which promoted Indias culture and tourist attractions in a fresh and emorable way. The tourism industry has helped growth in other sectors as diverse as horticulture, handicrafts, agriculture, construction and even poultry.Indias governmental bodies have also made a significant impact in tourism by requiring that each and every(prenominal) state of India have a corporation to administer support issues related to tourism. The tourism industry of India is based on certain core nationalistic ideals and standards which are Swaagat or welcome, Sahyog or cooperation, Soochanaa or information, Sanrachanaa or infrastructure, Suvidha or facilitation, Safaai or cleanliness and Surakshaa or security. Commonwealth Games is the supernumerary opportunity for the Travel Industry to gain some additional business, by offering specia l tour packages to the tourists.As per the reports, it is estimated that more than 3. 5 million tourists are going to reach India in 2010 to be a part of the eminent Commonwealth Games that are scheduled to be held in Delhi the capital city of India. It is the high time for the Indias Tourism Industry, as the foreign tourists will be heavily dependent upon them for the flight bookings, hotel reservations, travel itineraries and visas. The growth of India Tourism market is also equally beneficial for the several associated industries such as the aviation industry, medical tourism industry and hotel industry.However year 2008, sees a whopping rise in the arrival of eco tourists in the country. Recently a new concept campestral Tourism has been launched by the government in India, which is equally doing very well. It is believed that in the next few years India Tour Industry will gain new heights and the percentage of Indias share in the global tourism will grow 1. 5% by 2010. Indust ry is going to fetch maximum business from the Agra (Taj Mahal), Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala , Gujarat and Rajasthan, that are expected to receive maximum number of tourists.

Power And Resistance In Human Society

Power And vindication In Human SocietyWhere in that respect is supply, there is electrical impedance, and yet, or sort of consequently, this bulwark is never in a daub of exteriority in relation to agency (Foucault, 1978 95-96).In human sciences whizz of the main issues has everlastingly been the relationship of vindication to power. Where there is power, there is electric defense power affirms that there exists resistance and visa versa. But before starting to think about resistance, we conduct to take in mind that power is no longer considered a unitary, constant force that emanates from a particular social class or institution, rather it is analyzen as a more tenuous fabric of hegemonic forms (Constable, 2007 11). Foucault (1978 95-96) questions our assumption that power is always and essenti bothy repressive, he wants to show how power also sess be positively in a way that it can produce forms of pleasure, systems of knowledge, goods, and discourses and that it n ot only works negatively, by denying, restricting, prohibiting and repressing (Abu-Lughod, 1990 42). The focus at bottom studies of resistance of late shifted from large-scale collective revolts to more un apparent forms of resistance such as subversions and small or local resistances which do not especially aim to overrule the system and which do not result from ideologies of emancipation (Abu-Lughod, 1990 41).Hence both sentiments have turned to be more complex than initially supposed, but this makes it eve more interesting and more widely applicable to various situations where people try to construct their life within structures of power.ResistanceThe limit resistance has been utilize by many scholars to describe a wide range of crookions and behaviours in all aspects of human social life and in distinct settings. Hollander and Einwohner (2004 534) illustrated how everything from revolutions to hairstyles has been described as resistance. Consequently following from the diversity of actions and behaviours which used to be named as resistance, they found in their analysis of the sentiment that there is little check offment on the interpretation (ibid 234). Therefore it is important to outline the range of characteristics that can exist within the concept of resistance. low gear of all the scale whereat the resistance occurs has not always the equal size acts of resistance may be for example individual or collective, widespread or limited to local aras. Levels of coordination are also variable, in some(prenominal) situations there bequeath be a higher extent in which the resisters wise(p)ly act together, than in opposite. Thereby the targets where resistance is directed to also differs, they transfigure from individuals to groups and from organizations to institutions and social structures. As well the direction or goals are variable, while resistance mainly is understood to be aimed at achieving some sort of change, sometimes it is possibl e that the behaviour described as resistance aims to constrain change. Finally, while resistance is generally understood to be a political action, some writers elicit that resistance can also be identity-based (ibid 536-537).Action and Oppositionafter having observed the dimensions of variation of resistance Hollander and Einwohner (ibid 537) tried to describe the core elements of resistance to see how all these phenomena can be described with the same term. They identified action and opposition as two core elements within the discussions of resistance where authors seem to agree on. Resistance is not a quality of an actor or a state of existence, but involves some active behaviour, whether verbal, cognitive, or psychical, and an other(a)(prenominal) component putting surface to almost all uses is a sense of opposition. After having identified these core elements, the lines of disagreements became clearer, which made them realize that several debates of resistance above all diffe red in their position on two central issues recognition and intent (ibid 537).Recognition and IntentionActs of resistance are not always equally visible, their variation in visibility becomes clearer when we analyze the contrast between insouciant resistance and more (and more obviously contentious) forms of political mobilization. Sometimes the intention of resistance is to be know, while other resistance is purposefully hidden, so recognition depends in part on the goals of the people who resist (ibid 540). While Scott (1985) in his book about modes of free-and-easy resistance among peasant workers argues that resistance need not to be recognized as such and that it may remain relatively invisible to the powerful, other scholars define resistance as necessarily provoking recognition and even reaction from others (Hollander Einwohner, 2004 541).This level of recognition also varies depending on the two different groups of others who can identify an act as resistance, to wit tar gets and observers. The first group contains those to whom the act is directed and the second group can comprise the general public, members of the media and researchers (ibid 542).After the question if oppositional action moldiness be readily apparent to others, and if it must in fact be recognized as resistance, Hollander and Einwohner wonder if the actor must be aware that she or he is resisting some exercise of power and intending to do so for an action to qualify resistance (ibid 542). Also on this matter scholars do not whole agree, roughly classified Hollander and Einwohner (2004) distinguish three different views. The first group of scholars believes that the actors conscious intent is a core element to be able to sieve certain behaviour as resistance. The second group thinks that measuring intent is difficult or even impossible, as resistance not only arises in public, but also privately. People in these cases may be conscious of oppression and may intend to resist in s ome fashion, but this will not be visible and therefore impossible to measure. Following to the last group of scholars we must not focus on the intent, as resistance can occur consciously or unconsciously, concentrating on intent will neglect important forms of resistance (ibid 542).Types of ResistanceHollander and Einwohner (2004) didnt want to define the verities and the falsities among all possible meanings and contends of the term resistance. Therefore they decided to analyse the various opinions to see if it would be possible to describe different forms of resistance without judging what is wrong and what is not. They already observed that all scholars seemed to agree that resistance implied oppositional action of some kind. Leaving discords about whether resistance must be mean by actors or whether it must be recognized by targets and/or observers. They therefore argue that it is useful to think of resistance in terms of distinct types, each defined by a different combination of actors intent, targets recognition, and observers recognition.Not all scholars will agree that all behaviours summarized in Table 1 should be called resistance, but it will help to emphasize once more the core elements of resistance.The first type, overt resistance, comprises for example social movements and revolutions, and individual acts of refusal. It is visible behaviour, which is recognized by both targets as observers as resistance and is also intended to be recognized as such.Covert resistance refers to acts as gossip and subtle subversion in the work send out they are intentional but go unnoticed by their targets. However they are recognized as resistance by culturally aware observers. These two forms of intentional forms of resistance are followed by some unintentional forms of resistance. The first one is recognized as resistance by both the observers as the targets but is not meant as such. And the second one contains so called self-defined targets who may be the onl y ones who recognize certain behaviour as resistance (target-defined resistance). A separate category contains externally-defined resistance, these are acts of resistance that are neither intended nor recognized as resistance by actors or their targets, but are labelled by three parties. The last two forms of resistance go to a certain degree unnoticed by others. If recognized by their target but unrecognized by third-party observers, they have called it missed resistance. If an actors intentional act goes unnoticed by both targets and observers alike, it may be classified as attempted resistance (ibid 544-547).InteractionUnderstanding the interaction between resisters, targets, and third parties p enters a central role in the comprehension of resistance. Resistance is socially constructed resisters, targets, and observers all participate in this construction (ibid 548). Of course often there is no overall agreement on the question if certain behaviour can be seen as resistance or not. What one observer (or participant) sees as resistance, another may see as accommodation or even domination this does not only happen between the different participative groups but also within the parties there is variation. Resistance is a complex set of thoughts and behaviours (Ortner, 1995 175).Dichotomizing resistance and dominators ignores the fact that there are multiple systems of hierarchy, and that individuals can be simultaneously powerful and feeble within different systems (Hollander Einwohner, 2004 548).I n her article about resistance and the concept of dbrouillardise (a way of social treatment) used by Auvergnat farmers in campestral France, Deborah Reed-Danahay (1993 223) describes how Kondo (1990 221) based on her research in Japan also emphasizes the intertwining of power and meaning, so that no one can be without power.Everyday ResistanceAfter appointing the different types of resistance, it is necessary to take a first glimpse into possible forms of resis tance among undocumented migrants to see on what kind of forms we have to continue focussing. First of all, it is obvious that undocumented migrants wont participate in any overt form of resistance (i.e. demonstrations) because it probably endangers their precarious situation. Therefore it is not very likely that the target of the resistance will recognize their acts as such. It will also vary if the acts are intended as resistance. Consequently, it is more likely that possible forms of resistance among undocumented migrants will be covert resistance, attempted resistance and externally-defined resistance.Especially the first two forms of resistance are familiar to Scotts concept of everyday resistance. He describesWhat everyday forms of resistance share with the more dramatic public confrontations is of course that they are intended to mitigate or deny claims made by superordinate word classes or to advance claims vis--vis those superordinate classes. Where institutionalized politi cs are formal, overt, concerned with systematic, de jure change, everyday resistance is informal, often covert, and concerned largely with immediate, de facto gains (Scott, 1990 32-33).Scott points out different expressions of everyday resistance foot dragging, dissimulation, false compliance, smuggling, etc. He refers to these practices as hidden transcripts (Scott, 1990) that are not easily visible in official transcripts and those on-stage behaviours controlled by elites (Reed-Danahay, 1993 222). He described the existence of a too strongly focus on official and public transcripts of culture resulting in an underestimation of subordinated people and argued for a appearance into the unofficial transcripts to see the variety of forms of resistance taking place in this area of social life (ibid 223). Though, Reed-Danahay (ibid 223) points at a, ly to her, disturbing simplification by Scott by describing resistance as something which can be found in the hidden transcripts of the wi shy-washy while only conformity becomes visible in the public transcripts of both the weak and the strong. This derives from the fact that he sees ideology as a coherent message, while there is contradiction and ambiguity in any discourse (ibid 223)Everyday Practices corresponding to Scotts everyday resistance is Michel de Certeaus (1984) concept of everyday practices. He divides strategies and tactics and explains why many everyday practices are not strategic but tactical in character.A strategy is the calculus of force-relationships which becomes possible when a subject of will and power can be isolated from an environment. Strategies possess their own place which forms a starting point from where relations with the outside can be generated. Tactics on the other hand, do not possess their own place, so the other cannot be singled out as a visible totality. Tactics constantly manipulate events to turn them into opportunities.De Certeau (ibid xix) describesA tactic insinuates itself into the others place, fragmentarily, without taking it over in its entirety, without being able to keep it at a distance.Everyday practices are a gathering of ways of operating characterized by victories of the weak over the strong and consisting of tricky tricks, knowing how to get away with things, hunters cunning, manoeuvres, polymorphic situations, etc (De Certeau, 1984 xix).Tactics produce a certain movement within the system. They show to what extent it is possible to use intelligence to consort power within the daily struggle. Strategies, on the contrary, have a rather ambiguous relation with power. They use the instruments of the power for their own purposes. Hence, the structure of power where the strategies compete against at the same time sustains them (De Certeau, 1984 xviii).Scotts concept of everyday resistance, consisting of practices as foot dragging, dissimulation and smuggling tends to be more similar to strategies than to tactics. While De Certeaus concept of ways of operating (or everyday practices), like knowing how to get away with things, are more tactical in character. We could say that strategies aspire to undermine the structures of power and thus are more saturated with a notion of resistance, whereas tactics not only aim to resist, but also comprise an accommodating component. cheatDespite their differences, De Certeau and Scott are concerned with the same kind of behaviour. Reed-Danahay (1993 222) presupposes to use the concept of cunning to refer to this behaviour. ly to her, Detienne and Vernants (1978 3-4 in Reed-Danahay 1993 222) description of the Greek quality of mtis summarizes accurately the significance of cunningit combine(s) flair, wisdom, forethought, subtlety of mind, deception, resourcefulness, vigilance, opportunism, various skills and experience acquired over the years. It is applied in situations which are transient, shifting, disconcerting, and ambiguous, situations which do not lead themselves to precise meas urement, exact calculation, or rigorous logic (1978 3-4 quoted in Scott 1990 164 in ibid 222).Also De Certeau (1984 xix) is conscious about the connection between mtis and his ways of operating. Together with cunning, mtis refers to the idea of Goffmans concept of making do in difficult situations and overcoming hardships (Reed-Danahay, 1993 223). ly to Reed-Danahay, resistance suggests a mechanical metaphor of solid bodies coming into contact. Unlike resistance, cunning includes some fluidity in social life, leaving room for play or manipulation (ibid 223).DbrouillardiseReed-Danahay therefore speaks of a more complex notion of power and resistance, where forms of power lay both with agents of the dominant culture and with the resisting people themselves (ibid 224). In her fieldwork in a mountain valley in the Auvergne region of central France she describes how people from a place fictionally named Lavialle have adopted a stance of resistance to agents who threaten their cultural au tonomy. She shows how these farmers use the French concept of dbrouillardise as a manner to disgorge about social manipulation expressing accommodation, resistance, cunning, ways of making out and ways of making do (ibid 221). Dbrouillardise connotes both resisting domination and other forms of social manipulation or even partial accommodation. It is a form of everyday resistance and it is a way of taking advantage of a situation that presents itself. Dbrouillardise has a dual nature, it consist of both making out and making do and is associated with both defensive postures and coping strategies in everyday life (ibid 224).ConclusionMigrants and ResistanceAbu-Lughod and romanticizing resistanceWith the concept of dbrouillardise Reed-Danahay tries to cover the gap between theory and practice. This is viable because the villagers she observes are actually using the concept in their ordinary language. fit in to her dbrouillardise refers to a more complex form of power than the theorie s of Scott (ibid 224).DbrouillardiseAccomodationThe ethnographic literature also contains examples of positive values associated with behaviours interpreted as everyday resistance when no native term or vocabulary for it is present. (223)Even while resisting power, individuals or groups may simultaneously support the structures of domination that necessitate resistance in the first place. Various authors have referred to this complexity as accommodation (e.g., Sotirin and Gottfried, 1999 Weitz, 2001), ambiguity (Trethewey, 1997), complicity (Healey, 1999 Ortner, 1995), conformity (St. Martin and Gavey, 1996), or assimilation (Faith, 1994).These authors stress that a single activity may constitute both resistance and accommodation to different aspects of power and authority (Hollander Einwohner, 2004 549).Nevertheless it is easy to romanticize resistance as Abu-Lughod says, to view its forms as signs of ineffectiveness of systems of power and of the resilience and creativity of the human spirit in refusal to be dominated, to focus on successful forms of resistance and neglecting to consider accommodation, passivity or acquiescence adequately (In Constable, 2007 ). It is only valuable if we can find a way between romanticizing resistance and portraying young migrants as passive suppress victims.

Literature Review Relating To Geothermal Energy

Literature Review Relating To Ge another(prenominal)mal nullThe General Scheme of Geothermal life force increment Bill 2010 is a publication by the Department of Communications, strength and Natural Resources step to the forelining details of the Geothermal vim Development Bill which is be drafted. The Bill deals to depart a legislative framework for the vesting, licensing and regulation of geothermic zip fastener. Publication is expected in July 2011.The Geothermal Energy Resource Map of Ireland survey was commissi sensationd by the Sustain qualified Energy self-assurance of Ireland (SEAI) and carried out by the CSA Group (now SLR Consulting Ireland) and was completed in July 2004. The report reviewed existing knowledge of geothermic elan vital utilisation in Ireland, identified capability resources of geothermal efficacy in Ireland, created geothermal models of Ireland and produced a series of geothermal maps of Ireland, reviewed the current status and utilisation o f geothermal susceptibility resources in Ireland, and provided strategic recommendations regarding future utilisation in the context of International Best Practice. Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (2004)The final output of this study, apart from the written report is a series of geothermal maps put downing measured and modelled geothermal subsurface temperatures at sundry(a) depths ranging from 100m to 5000m. This is useful for researchers, consultants and decision members interested in exploring geothermal latent at any location. Sutainable Energy Authority of Ireland (2004)(Retrieved 8/11/2010)2.2 The Kyoto communications protocol2.2.1 Global Warming and Climate ChangeGlobal Warming is the phenomenon whereby the earths surface temperature rises all over time which causes climatic change. Global Warming is caused by the release of Green House Gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere thus creating what has become known as the greenhouse effect. The particular GHG is Carbon Dio xide (CO2) which contrisolelyes to global warming through the process of burning fogy fuels. 40% of all CO2 runs argon from power plants, 33% from motor vehicles, and 3.5% from aircraft. (http//globalwarming.com/2009/03/causes-of-global-warming/) (30/11/2010)2.2.2 Introduction of the Kyoto ProtocolThe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty formed by the United Nations (UN) at its Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 with the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.1 Climate Lab http//climatelab.org/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change Retrieved 12/11/2010The treaty provided for updates or protocols that set mandatory emission limits. The principle update is the Kyoto Protocol which was initially adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11th December 1997 and came into force on 16th February 2005. Under the Kyoto Protocol, participating Annex 1 countries (industrialised countr ies and member states of the European Union) agreed to commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gas emissions of 5.2% together with from 1991 levels. 188 states ratified the protocol including 37 industrialized countries. 2 UNFCCC http//unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php Retrieved 12/11/2010One major(ip) obstacle for the establishment of the protocol was the refusal of the worlds largest CO2 emitter, the United States, to sign the treaty.The assist major obstacle is that rapidly baffleing nations like china and India face no legal obligation to equalize the limits set out to reduce their GHG emissions. China is the worlds second largest CO2 emitter.2.2.3 Ireland and the Kyoto ProtocolIreland signed the Kyoto Protocol on 19th April 1998 and ratified it on 31st May 2002. 3 UNFCCC http//unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php Retrieved 12/11/2010While the Kyoto Protocol required Annex 1 countries to reduce its GHG emissions by 5.2% between 2008 and 2012, the European Union wishing to show leadership in this atomic number 18a infratook to reduce emissions by 8% for the same period. Although an 8% reduction was sought across the EU, Irelands butt end was an increase of 13% in emissions based on 1990 levels which is the base year for Kyoto limits. This look upon reflects growth in the economy and expected future growth. This increase is compensated by bigger reductions in other countries. 4 Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd. (HKEX)http//www.hkex.com.hk/consul/paper/cp200906dm_e.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010The National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) was published in October 2000 as a basis for government policy in relation to climate change. Its aim was to set Ireland on a pathway to reaching its tushs in relation to the Kyoto Protocol. http//www.environ.ie/en/ surroundings/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,923,en.pdf Retrieved 20/12/2010Irelands emissions peaked in 2001 at a time when Ireland was experiencing high employment, a strong economy, and further growth was anticipated. The years to fol petty(a) showed reduction in emission levels yet the objective lenss set out downstairs the Kyoto Protocol remained what appe bed to many to be an over ambitious target. 2002 showed that Ireland was 23% above emissions for 1990. In 2005 emission levels stood at 25% above base level.In 2004 and 2005, when it became apparent that more inadequacyed to be done to ensure Ireland met its targets, the government intensified its efforts to reduce nose candy emissions. The 2006 budget saw the introduction of excise reprieve for biofuels and the introduction of new building regulations to provide higher standards of zipper conservation. 5 Irelands Pathway to Kyoto Compliance Review of the National Climate Change Strategyhttp//www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,1289 ,en.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010The National Climate Change Strategy 2007 2012 was published in order to show clearly the measures by which Ireland pull up stakes meet its 2008 2012 commitment, to show how these measures will sustain post 2012, and to identify the areas in which further measures are being researched and developed to enable Ireland to meet its 2020 commitments. The report states that electricity times from renewable sources provides the most effective way of reducing the contribution of power generation to Irelands greenhouse gas emissions.6 National Climate Change Strategy 2007 -2012http//www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Environment/Atmosphere/FileDownLoad,1861,en.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010The strategy shows the range of measures which slang been developed that aim to reduce Irelands carbon dioxide equivalent by 17 jillion tonnes (Mt).With regard to electricity generation, the aim is 15% of energy to be generated from renewable sources by 2010 and 33% by 2020, biomass to contribute 30% of energy input at peat stations by 2015, support for combined furious up and power projects, and formation of the National Ocean Energy Strategy.2.2.3 Looking Beyond 2012Steps have already been taken to introduce a new treaty to operate once the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012.The 15th meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) agreed the Copenhagen Accord to the UNFCCC in December 2009. Whilst not legally binding, the Accord endorses the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol. 114 countries representing over 80% of global GHG emissions have agreed to the accord including Ireland. Many have concerns regarding the Accord because it is not legally binding and no legally binding replacement exists for the Kyoto Protocol, the Accord was drafted by just 5 countries, and the Accord sets no real targets to achieve emission reductions. http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8423831.stm (23/12/2010)2.2.4 The Stern ReportThe Stern Report on the Economics of Climate Cha nge was published for the British regime in 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern, chair of the Grantham, Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics. The key pass of the Stern Report is as followsWhat is going to happen to the climate over the next 20-30 years has already been determined and is irreversible. attains over the next 20-30 years will affect what happens in the decades to come.Climate change threatens the basic elements of life including access to water, food, health, land use and the environment.Stabilization of all GHGs at 550ppm is recommended.The costs of stablilizing the climate are significant (1% of global GDP) but manageable. Delay would be dangerous and much more expensive.Action demands and international response.The key actions outlines by Stern complicate join on in efficiency of energy use.Strict emission trading rules to support the transition to low carbon development paths.Extensive use of renewable and other low carbon technologies.Fivefold increase in low carbon technologies Research and Development.Reduction in deforestation.Freris, L Infield, D. (2008) Renewable Energy in advocate Systems. West Sussex, UK Wiley2.3 EU Policy2.3.1 GeneralEuropean countries generate more than 4000 GWh/year from geothermal sources predominantly in Italy, Iceland, Turkey and Russia. Direct use much(prenominal) as GSHP usage is however, much more widespread with usage in most European countries. http//ec.europa.eu/energy/library/geotherm.pdf (23/12/2010)High availability and low carbon emissions make geothermal energy one of the best prospects for influencing GHG emissions in Europe.The European Union has been one of the most consistent supporters of the Kyoto Protocol.Member states of the EU have made a commitment to be met by 2020 known as the 20-20-20 target. These are to reduce GHG emissions 20% below 1990 levels, ensure 20% of EUs energy comes from renewable sources, and ensure a 20% reduction in primary energy consumption compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. These commitments were outlined pursual the need for a follow on from the Kyoto Protocol which expires in 2012.In 2005 renewable energy accounted for just 8.5% of energy consumed in the EU. The need to in4crease this figure is recognise by the EU and measures have been taken to encourage member states to expand their renewable energy production and to rely less on effected carbon emitting energy production systems.Europe is as well at the front of cutting edge new geothermal energy research with an ongoing European racy Dry Rock (HDR) project at Soultz-sous-Forets in France which is supported by the EU.2.3.2 Blue have on Geothermal ResourcesThe EU published its Blue Book on Geothermal Resources in 2002 in order to identify a series of measures which could promote the use of geothermal energy sources across the EU. The publication corresponded with the need for Europe to ex pand on renewable energy sources in order to meet its targets of 12% by 2010. The publication acknowledges that expanding use of geothermal resources will show a significant reduction to CO2 emissions and thus help make Kyoto targets more achievable. A geothermal energy generation plant produces on mean(a) just 136 g/kWh of CO2 compared to 1042 g/kWh for a typical coal fired power plant.The report recommends that the EU increase the exploitation of geothermal energy in the EU and associated countries and to support European firms within the vault of heaven to improve their share of the world market.The Blue Book outlines 12 measures the EU proposed to take to rise the usage of geothermal technologies in Europe as followsTo stimulate the creation of European consortia and joint ventures among different subjects interested in investing in geothermal projects in Europe and abroad.To favour National Geothermal Associations and the European branch of the International Geothermal Assoc iation (IGA).To support the newly created European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC).The maintenance and emolument of the EUs existing research and financing programmes.To promote the environmental benefits of geothermal energy through favourable financing conditions such as taxation exemptions or reductions, tax incentives, financial incentives for end users, loans and special interest rates for investment in RE resources.Geothermal energy should be included in specific target projects and demonstration projects both as an environmentally friendly resource and as an indigenous energy supply for saving imported fossil fuels.To establish an insurance system for EU countries in order to cover the geological risk.Implement proper actions devoted to the systematic integration of geothermal energy into existing and new EU and national RE development programmes.Promote directives in order to acknowledge RE investments (including geothermal) with an extra price or a contribution for the KWhe/KWht produced which corresponds to the external benefit derived from the substitution of conventional energy sources.Increase the use of information brochures and actions of the Multi-energy type, with the objective of increasing the level of information and confidence of use geothermal energy by decision-makers, private and public operators, town planners, designers, even within EU programmes.Promote a detailed study for the evaluation, in quantitative terms of the external benefits from substitution by geothermal applications.Considering the good development perspectives of this application, special attention could be devoted to the promotion and support for the GSHP market.2.3.3 Energy 2020Energy 2020 A strategy for competitive, sustainable, and secure energy was published by the European Commission on 10th November 2010. It sets out ambitious targets for member states with regards to energy. Known as the 20-20-20 policy, member states are required toReduce GHG emissions by 20%, rising to 30% provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions and economically more advanced developing countries contributing adequately according to their responsibilities and respective capabilities.Increase the share of renewable energy to 20%Make a 20% improvement in energy efficiency.There is also an ambitious target of 80 95% emission cuts by 2050 amongst EU and other industrialized countries. These targets are in full supported by the European Parliament.The commission proposes to focus its initiatives on the traffic and building sectors which it believes provide the biggest potential for energy savings and to provide investment incentives and financial instruments to promote energy reductions.2.4 Irish Policy2.4.1 GeneralIrelands policy regarding energy and renewable energy is largely based upon meeting targets set out under both the Kyoto Protocol and the European Commissions 2020 energy targets. A White Paper released in March 2007 sets out the Governments Energy Policy for 2007 2020 which includes reaching 15% of energy produced from renewable sources by 2010 and 33% by 2020. To date, progress has been made mainly due to the perfume energy sector.Since 2006, Ireland introduced a feed in tariff which pays a fixed rate for energy input to the national grid from renewable sources.2.4.2 The REFIT SchemeBetween 1995 and 2003 Ireland operated a tender or Alternative Energy Requirement (AER) scheme to promote RES-E. This scheme was replaced in 2006 when Ireland introduced the Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (REFIT) as a major instrument towards encouraging expansion of the RES-E sector in Ireland. The scheme financially rewards input into the national electricity grid from renewable sources outlined in table x.x below. As part of the scheme in that location is a 15 year guarantee which aims to provide investor security.Geothermal energy is not currently included in the REFIT programme which is one m ajor obstacle to the growth of the geothermal electricity generation sector in Ireland. The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) outlines plans to extend the scheme to include Anaerobic Digestion/High Efficiency Combined light up and Power (CHP) biomass technologies, ocean (wave and tidal) energy and offshore wind.2.4.2 Delivering a Sustainable Energy Future for IrelandBuilding on the energy Green Paper and related consultation process conducted during 2006, the Irish government released a energy White Paper in March 2007 outlining the Irish Governments Energy Policy Framework 2007 2020 to deliver sustainable energy future for Ireland. Ireland faces similar energy challenges to those being confronted worldwide.The document also reasserts Irelands prohibition of the use of nuclear energy in Ireland on grounds of safety fears, security, economic feasibility, and system operation.2.4.3 Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010In a debate with The reciprocal Committee on Climat e Change and Energy Security on 16th September 2009, GT Energy who have since submitted a planning application to reciprocal ohm capital of Ireland County Council to develop a Geothermal Energy Plant at Newcastle, Co. Dublin, outlined their concerns regarding obstacles they faced with the existing legislative framework. They outlined that their investors and board of directors were uneasy with the lack of legislation and scope within planning regulations to allow for their proposed development.Arising from this debate and increasing pressure from other sources, the Department of Communications, Energy, and Natural Resources decided to draft the Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010.The bill is currently in draft form and publication is expected in July 2011. The bill will allow for the licensing of companies to explore for and develop deep geothermal energy resources. Under the EU Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC), Ireland is requ ired to generate 16% of its gross energy consumption from renewable resources by 2020 and 12% of its commove consumption. As Ireland is currently highly dependent on the use of fossil fuels for energy production, it is vital that measures are taken to expand the use of for sale renewable energy options. Already, large scale hydroelectric and wind energy developments are operational, but further advances are needed. The move by the Irish Government to draft a Geothermal Energy Bill is another step towards regulation and ordain what could become another major large scale renewable energy production industry for Ireland.The need for the Bill is based on the feeling that Ireland lacks a comprehensive legal and restrictive that provides the allocation of ownership interests and ancillary rights in the resource. Third party interests were also not protected in a systematic manner and as a result, potential investors in the sector are deterred from making significant commitment in Irel and.The bill will be able to grant exploration and development licences for deep geothermal energy resources and regulate the ownership of resources, ancillary rights and the protection of third party interests.The Bill aims to pursue dickens main policy objectives by facilitating the development of large scale geothermal energy in order to increase its contribution to Irelands renewable energy targets and to negate over regulation of small scale projects.The EU Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC) has set a target that 16% of gross energy consumption in Ireland will need to come from renewable sources by 2020. The Directive recognises geothermal energy as one of the means by which this target can be met. The heat market in Ireland consumes approximately one third of primary energy supply and is precise highly dependant on fossil fuels. Alternatives to fossil fuels for direct heating include biomass, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), an d geothermal energy.The introduction of this legislation is also based on the introduction of regulation and legislation in other countries. Sweden, for example, has inferior geothermal resources compared to Ireland, and yet its utilisation is much greater. This can be attributed to Swedens regulatory system which provides a solid licensing system and security for potential investors.Article 10.1 of the Constitution states that All natural resources, including the air and all forms of potential energy, within the legal power of the Parliament and Government established by this Constitution and all royalties and franchises within that jurisdiction belong to the State subject to all estates and interests therein for the time being lawfully vested in any person or body. This in effect, gives ownership of the geothermal energy resource to the Irish State.2.4.4 National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010)The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) was published under the requirement s of Article 4 of Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable energy. The plan sets out Irelands national targets for the share of renewable energy from different sources in 2020 and demonstrates how Ireland will meet its overall national target established under the Directive.Irelands overall target is to achieve 16% of energy from renewable sources by 2020 however, the government has set a target of 40%. Although ambitious, in the past Ireland has surpassed the target set undet the 2001 European RES-E Directive which required an increase from 3.6% RES-E in 2001 to 13.2% in 2010. In 2009, this target was already surpassed with Ireland achieving 14.4% RES-E. This increase is largely attributed to the development of onshore wind sources.In terms of transport, the plan outlines the governments two pronged strategy to increase the use of biofuels and accelerated development and use of electric vehicles in Ireland. A target of 10% of electric vehicles has been set for 2020.A target of 12% renewab le heat by 2020 has also been set. Initial focus will be on biomass but geothermal resources will also be considered in due course.http//www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/C71495BB-DB3C-4FE9-A725-0C094FE19BCA/0/2010NREAP.pdf2.5 Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)2.5.1 GeneralThe Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI), formerly the Irish Energy Centre, was set up by the government in 2002 with the mission to transform Ireland into a society based on sustainable energy structures, technologies and practices.The Geothermal Energy Resource Map of Ireland final report was published by SEAI in July 2004 along with resource mapping which was compiled following long testing and research carried out by The CSA Group. The report focuses mainly on the use of geothermal for heating purposed rather than electricity production.The report looks at historical use of geothermal energy in Ireland, current use, and possible future uses. It found that Ireland is particularly well suited for the use of account Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) as suitable temperatures for this technology can be found at relatively low depths. Various examples of current geothermal use in Ireland are outlined.2.5.3 Geothermal Usage in Ireland to DateGround Source Heat Pumps are the most common type of geothermal energy utilisation in Ireland to date with over a thousand domestic installations up to 2004. GSHP technology is examined in more detail in Chapter 3.Apart from domestic usage, geothermal energy usage is quite limited in Ireland with only a handful of installations in offices, universities etc.Tramore Civic Offices, Co. Waterford mains supply flows through a purpose make 500,000 litre reservoir. Some of this water is then piped through an open loop to a heat exchanger. The mains water transfers the heat but is kept separate to the heat exchange operation in order to keep it potable.UCC Art Museum uses drilled borehole technology with water rising at 20 litres/sec to 2 heat exchang ing units to heat the 3 storey building.Mallow Swimming Pool, Co. Cork also uses a borehole to provide heat for the swimming pool. The water is approximately 19.5c and is boosted by conventional means at the pool.2.5.3 Geothermal Resource MappingAs part of their report, CSA also compiled a comprehensive set of maps showing Irelands geothermal properties at various locations and depths. In order to carry out the mapping, CSA embarked on a process to gather as much information as they could from exiting boreholes, from previous studies and from data available from Imperial College, London, Minerex, Tara Exploration etc.A database was formed consisting of borehole ID, co-ordinates, depth tested, basal temperature, surface temperature (assumed to be 10c where not available), depth (20-100m intervals), temperature (20-100m intervals), geothermal incline (20-100m intervals) and finally inflection point in the geothermal gradient profile, where applicable.2.5.3 Geothermal at shallow depth s (0-100m)The report finds that Ireland is particularly well suited for the exploitation of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) technology. GHSPs are heating systems that pump or transfer heat to or from the ground. These systems use the earths relatively constant temperature to provide heating, cooling, and hot water for homes and commercial buildings. This technology is the most common use of geothermal energy in Ireland to date. Typically in Ireland, horizontal closed loop systems are used, positioned 0.6 1.0m below ground surface although often as deep as 2.0m. Soil temperatures in Ireland range from 10c 11c. (Aldwell and Burdon 1980)2.5.4 Geothermal at medium to deep depths (100-5000m)One of the major limitations of this report in terms of its deep geothermal resource assessment is that there was only a genuinely limited amount of deep geothermal data available on which assessment could be based. It is therefore, not possible to identify locations where good deep geothermal resou rces exist outside a few known locations.The results from the measurement and modelling of 98 boreholes as part of the study indicate that the best proven potential for medium and deep geothermal resources in the Republic of Ireland are in the northeast and northwest midlands where temperatures of up to 40c 60c are recorded at depths of 1000m. From the study it is also interpreted that at 2500m depth from surface there is potential for temperatures of 60c generally north of the Limerick Dublin line with hot spots in the region of 80c in Co. Clare, the east midlands and Co. Cavan. At 5000m depth values greater than 100c are predicted north of the Limerick Dublin line.Figure x.x is the Lindal diagram which shows the applications for geothermal resources depending on temperature.http//www.gns.cri.nz/var/ezwebin_site/storage/images/media/images/lindal-diagram2/31871-1-eng-GB/lindal-diagram.jpg

Boys Girls Clubs Of America

Boys Girls Clubs Of AmericaSocialization is gener eithery thought of as being an essential part of human development in that its immenseness is often eras disregarded. However, understanding fondization can be a complicated and enduring process. Sociologists use the term lovingisation to refer to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and canvass culture (Macionis, 2011, 68). Humans need social experience to acquire the skills needed to learn their culture and for survival. Social experience is also the basis of personality, a persons fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling. We build a personality by internalizing taking in our surroundings (Macionis, 2011, 68). When an individual is lacking social experience, personality seldom develops. People unremarkably rely on others for assistance when their nipperren ar growing physically and emotionally but most importantly as their personality is developing. Many theorists have focused on childhood as being the most critical time when personality is formed however, Erik H. Eriksons eight st climb ons of development have set apart that focus and places emphasis on socialization throughout the life course as being the most influential (Macionis, 2011). Erikson centralized that challenges are faced throughout the life course fluctuating from infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, preadolescence, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood to old age even though not everyone faces these challenges in the exact order (Macionis, 2011). In summary, Eriksons stages of development model calls attention to how several factors, including the family, school and peer groups, shape our personalities.Since socialization is a learning process that begins after birth and is learned throughout an individuals life span, a common question is how can people be interact? Looking around the world, we see that different cultures used different techniques to socialize their c hildren both formal and informally through school and peer groups. As we age, we put in new statuses and need to learn the appropriate roles for them. Across America, there are many bailiwick organizations that have been organized to bid programs for young people that serve well with maintaining socialization skills that have been embedded amongst our youth. The Boys Girls Clubs of America is a national organization of topical anesthetic chapters which provide after-school programs for young people (http//www.bgca.org). The first Boys Club was founded in Hartford, Connecticut in 1860 after a group of women noticed how young boys from needy families would hang out on the streets after school because they didnt have anyplace else to go. The club was make outd to provide them with a safe place to play. By 1906, there were fifty-three independent Boys Clubs that came together in Boston for form a national organization known as the Federated Boys Clubs. After many years, the organ ization renamed itself Boys Clubs of America and in 1990 renamed itself to Boys Girls Clubs of America. There are currently over 4,000 autonomous local Clubs, which are affiliates of the national organization and serve over four million boys and girls. Clubs can be found in all fifty states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and on US Military Bases. In 2010, member percentages included 65% are from minority families, 5% are 5 years old and under, 43% are 6-10 years old, 19% are 11-12 years old, 21% are 13-15 years old, 12% are 16-18 years old, 55% are male and 45% are female (http//www.bgca.org).The Boys Girls Clubs are a safe place to learn and grow. It is the place where great futures are started each and every day (http//www.bgca.org). The goals set forth by the Boys Girls Clubs of America basically includes their mission statement which reads to enable all young people, especially those who need us most, to reach their full potential as productive, caring, amenable citizens (http//www.bgca.org). The organization gives young people a safe and supervised environment, an especially important task as more and more families have needed to behave multiple jobs and cannot be home for their children. They also encourage kids to get involved in activities, learn team skills, and associate with people they might not work at school or in their neighborhood. Many clubs offer an after school program as well as an extended summer program, prominent kids a real opportunity to make friends and be involved in the programs and services offered at the clubs (http//www.wisegeek.com). Their core beliefs are for The Boys Girls Club to aspire to provide all young people with a safe place to learn and grow, and establish ongoing relationships with caring, adult professionals by providing them with life enhancing programs and character development experiences (http//www.bgca.org).There are many strategies that have been implemented by The Boys Girls Clubs of America each help youth in distinctive ways. The Education Career Programs which help youth create aspirations for the future, providing opportunities for career exploration and educational enhancement. The Character Leadership Programs which help youth become responsible, caring citizens and acquire skills for participating in the democratic process. The Health life history Skills Programs in which those initiatives develop young peoples capacity to engage in positive behaviors that nurture their own well-being, set personal goals and live successfully as self-sustaining adults. The Arts Programs which are programs in this core area that enable youth to develop their creativity and cultural awareness through knowledge and appreciation of the opthalmic arts, crafts, performing arts and creative writing. The Sports, Fitness and Recreation Programs which help develop fitness, a positive use of leisure time, reduction of stress, appreciation for the environment and social and interpersonal sk ills. The Specialized Programs in which these initiatives focus on meeting the significant and specific needs identified within the Boys Girls Clubs. This broad scope complements several or all of their core program areas within the organization.According to Kidzworld, the Boys Girls Clubs are community based and building centered. Since 300 p.m. 600 p.m. is the time of day when children are usually unsupervised, The Boys Girls Clubs run their programs after school, and on weeknights and weekends (http//www.kidzworld.com). The Clubs provide a safe and affordable place for these programs to run all the while, clubs do charge a monthly or seasonal fee and some assistance may be available to families in need (Ellis, 2003-2012). The Clubs are led by trained, paid youth-development professionals. Signing your child or young friend up for the club can make a positive impact in every area of their life.The Boys Girls Clubs of America provide young people with a safe learning environme nt and opportunities to build new skills that raise each childs belief that he or she can follow and receive recognition for personal accomplishments. They also assist in building ongoing relationships with caring adults and connections to new friends in a positive environment, reinforcing a common sense of belonging, personal accountability, civility and civic responsibility. Finally, they offer generation-changing programs that support a commitment to learning, positive values, healthy habits and high expectations for success as an adult. Many people credit entry The Boys Girls Clubs with changing their childrens direction in life or teaching them vital skills. The Chronicle of Philanthropy ranked Boys Girls Clubs of America number one among youth organizations for the thirteenth consecutive year, and number 12 among all nonprofit organizations (http//www.bgca.org).

Odyssey :: essays research papers

In Homer&8217s epic, The Odyssey, various aspects of the ancient Greeks argon revealed through with(predicate) the actions, characters, plot, and wording. Homer uses his skill as a playwright, poet, and philosopher to inform the audience of the history, prides, and achievements of the ancient Greeks, and, also, to tell of the many determine and the multi-faceted culture of the ancient Greek caste. The Greeks had numerous values and customs, of which the primary principles are the mental characteristics of an individual, the physical characteristics of an individual, the recreations and pastimes the Greeks enjoyed, the way in which a host treats a guest, the religious aspects, and finally, the Greeks&8217 view on life, revealed in The Odyssey which shows and defines their culture cardinal of the most prominent of the mental characteristics the ancient Greeks valued was the cleverness and the wit of an individual. This can be discerned from The Odyssey because of many instances and events in which Odysseus uses his brain&8217s wit and other(a) tricks to get himself out of a risky situation. Examples of this are when he tells Polyphemos the Cyclopes that his name is Nobody, when he overcomes Circe&8217s magic with the help of moly, when he fills his men&8217s ears with wax and ties himself to a post so that he and his men can get by the Sirens safely, and when he disguises himself as a beggar and reveals his true indistinguishability to few. Odysseus is by &8220far the best of mortal men for counsel and stories (Bk. XIII, 297 &8211 298). Also, Odysseus is said to be able to match a god in wits and slick (Bk. XIII, 291 &8211 295). Penelope, Odysseus&8217 wife also uses her wit and trickery to get herself out of situations. An example of this is when she pretends to be weaving a shroud for Laertes, but actually undoes at night as much as she had done in the morning. Athene, the goddess of wisdom, provides another example of the usage of wit and tricks. Athene disguises Odysseus as a beggar and also surrounds him with a mist numerous times so that his former acquaintances will not see or recognize him.Other significant mental characteristics that the Greeks valued are faithfulness and loyalty. There are many, many examples of loyalty and faithfulness in The Odyssey. The four most significant examples are Penelope, Eumaios, Philoitois, and Argos.

Nicholas Nickleby by Charles Dickens Essay -- Nicholas Nickleby Charle

Nicholas Nickleby by Charles daimonChapter 13 effectively encourages the reader to envy Squeers and seehim as the villain, whereas Nicholas is portrayed as the hero andSmike and the other bays are lavished with sympathetic feelings. Thechapter starts with a depressing description of the boys sleepingconditions, Dickens uses words corresponding feeble, ragged, and dull, todescribe it, this powerful description makes the readerfeel-strengthening hatred toward Squeers.Squeers is the headmaster at the boarding school Dotheboys HallwhereNicholas was sent to work by his uncle after his starts death. Hisfather had only a small amount of money so he left it to his brother,and trusted him to look after his family, consisting of Nicholassmother and Sister Kate. Nicholass uncle is a with child(p) remorseless man andsends Nicholas and his sister to work to earn their keep. The familyare moved into a small dirty flat and given little money to have it a counselling on.During Nicholass time at Dotheboys Hall, he meets one of the boys Smikeand befriends him. Smike has no parents to speak of so he is kept onas a servant to the family. Nearing the end of the chapter Nicholasinspires Smike to fall away, unfortunately he is caught, resulting inthe chapters climax. Squeers is about to beat Smike but then Nicholassteps in and following a fight, they make off together.Throughout the chapter Dickens enhances the readers negative feelingstowards Squeers. Dickens use of verbs to describe Squeerss actionsads, a greater depth to his character, using words like retorted,bounced and feasted. These words show the rage in Squeerss character,and the way he goes about daily life, they give the reader a sense ofhis disrespect... ...can be hard going to read Dickenss work, his highly expressive andintricate elan of writing, can become incredibly engaging to thereader, as it does to me. You become almost used to it after a while.This stile gives the reader a sense of unrestrained involv ement with thecharacters in the book. It makes the reader to a greater extent in touch with thecharacters moods and personalities, giving the book a better dramaticinfluence on the reader. A preferent quotation Which no doubt youwould have been devilish sorry to do, said Squeers in a tauntingfashion. This line sums up Squeerss character as, the connivingvillain that he undoubtedly is, but when said out loud in the properstyle, this quotation can start a passion to read more writing in thisstyle and explore the character from whose lips those word were said,rejoined, retorted, demanded, or even sneered.

Stage Directions for Act I Scene iii in The Merchant of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

EssayInstructions Choose a speech or dialogue that interests you. You are going to write an essay from the directors point of view including pointers to the actors.Act I - Scene iii (p25-26) Hello actors, as you know, I shall be your director for a part of Act I - Scene iii. This dialogue is played by usurer and Antonio. I intend to give you both specific stage directions on where you must stand, who you should look at and how you should act. To start with you Antonio, when you pronounce your first line, I would standardised you to place your evanesce upon Shylocks shoulder while you look at him. Your second hand is to be held to the side with your palm facing up as if you were to shrug your shoulders. A slight pause after Shylock would sound good with a questioning tone of phonate for the rest of the sentence. You need to sound as if you really desire the money from Shylock and that he is your finish hope for your dress hat friends contentment in the futu re with his dearest Portia. Shylock should appear hesitant and exasperated as if he was opposed to lending him the money. He must also be thinking about a way in which Antonio could suffer the consequences if the bond isnt repaid. During the long retort I would like you, Shylock, to add many pauses, more or less long after the commas and other sorts of punctuation marks. From Signior Antonio to our tribe, you should have a calm voice with a minor impression of irritation. You must look at Antonio as you address him but then look away while walking near the stage and looking occasionally at the audience. I require hand gestures such as indicating yourself, rubbing your thumb and middle finger to indicate money, shrugging your shoulders et cetera. For the last line of this section, you are trying to create self-pity hence it would be appropriate if you use a melancholy and moving attitude and soft voice. Shylock, in this following sentence, you should gradually inc rease the volume and intensity put in the words. You have to accentuate the main words to emphasise his deep anger and hatred Shylock has towards Antonio.